SHORT CUT KEY TO MAXIMISE A WINDOW

Short cut key to maximise a window

press  "Windows Key + Up Arrow Key"

SHORT CUT KEY TO MINIMISE A WINDOW

Short cut key to minimise window

press  "windows key + M"

SHORT CUT KEY TO OPEN WINDOWS SEARCH

Short cut to open windows search

press  " windows key + F"

SHORT CUT TO OPEN MY COMPUTER

Short cut to open My Computer:

press  "windows key + E"

SHORT CUT TO MINIMISE ALL ALREADY OPENED WINDOWS AT A TIME IN YOUR COMPUTER

Short cut to minimise all already opened windows at a time:

press   "windows key  +  D"

SHORT CUT KEY TO KNOW THE IP ADDRESS OF COMPUTER

Short cut to know IP Address of computer:

open  "Run"    and    type  "CMD"

and  type  "ipconfig" and  press "Enter"

SHORT CUT TO DECREASE FONT SIZE IN MS-WORD

Short cut key to decrease font size in MS-Word

open "MS-Word" document

and  press   "  Ctrl  +  Shift  +  <  "

SHORT CUT KEY TO INCREASE FONT SIZE IN MS-WORD

Short cut key to increase Font Size in MS-Word

open "MS-Word" document

and press  " Ctrl  + shift + > "

SHORT CUT KEY FOR PRINT PREVIEW IN MS-WORD

Short cut key for print preview

open  "MS-Word" document

and  press  "Ctrl+F2"

SHORT CUT KEY TO OPEN C DRIVE IN YOUR COMPUTER

Short cut key to open C: Drive

Open "Run"

and type   "C:"

and press "Enter"

SHORT CUT KEY TO OPEN "PAINT" IN YOUR COMPUTER

Short cut key to open  "Paint software" 

open  "Run"

and  type  "mspaint"

and press "Enter"

SHORT CUT KEY TO OPEN "RUN" IN YOUR COMPUTER

Short cut key to open "RUN"

Press  "Windows Key"  (bottom left side in the key board)

and  Press  "R"

(short cut key:   windows key+R)

SHORT CUT KEY TO OPEN MS WORD

Short cut key to open MS-Word in your computer:

open  "Run" 

and  type   "winword"  

and press "Enter"

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FREEZE AND TURN LAYERS OFF IN AUTO CAD

From outside you cannot identify the difference between
FREEZE and TURN LAYERS OFF.  If you Freeze a layer 
then its contents are not displayed.  And Similarly if you
turn off layer, its contents are not displayed.  Only 
difference between these FREEZE and TURN LAYERS OFF
is in display Memory.  When a layer is frozen the information
required to display it on screen is not loaded onto your
graphics card memory.  And when a layer is turned off,
all the information required to display the entities on that 
layer is loaded into your Graphic's Card's Memory.

if you turn off a layer, you get slower panning and zooming
on large/ complex drawings.

If you Freeze a layer, you get faster panning and zooming.

HOW TO CALCULATE KVA POWER REQUIREMENTS OF A GENERATOR

Procedure for  calculating the power (KVA) requirements of a Generator.  

example:  
A house has  10 tube lights, 5 Bulbs, 6 Ceiling Fans,  1 TV, 2 Personal Computers,  1 Laser Printer, 1 Iron Box etc.,

* write down  watts or Volts and Amps from each equipment
printed on its cover or in the manual. 

1 Tube Light = 40 watts, 10 Tube Lights = 10 X 40=400Watts
1 Bulb          = 60 watts,   5 Bulbs = 5 x 60 = 300 Watts
1 CeilingFan = 80 Watts,  6 C.Fans=6 x 80 =440 Watts
1 TV             = 135Watts,  
1 Personal Computer=275 Watts,  2 PC = 2 x 275=550Watts
1 Laser Printer = 375 Watts
1 Iron Box= 1000 Watts

*  Add all the Wattage
   400+ 300+440+135+550+375+1000=3200 Watts

   Total Watts = 3200

*  By Dividing with 1000 we get Kilo Watts
   3200/1000  =  3.2 Kilo Watts or KW

* Take Power Factor is 0.8 ( it depends upon the system
   Efficiency)

* By Dividing  3.2 KW by 0.8  we get the Required KVA

  3.2 / 0.8  = 4 KVA.

 Now select the Generator that is having  4 KVA
 Power generating capacity.

ANGULAR VELOCITY

Angular Velocity is the rate of change of Angular Displacement.

Angular Velocity is a Vector Quantity

SI unit of Angular Velocity is Radians/sec

The Direction of Angular Velocity vector is perpendicular to the plane of rotation.

                                      Angular Displacement

Angular Velocity  =      -----------------------------------------

                                                 time

WHAT IS POWER FACTOR

Power Factor is a measure of how effectively the current is being converted into useful work output. A load with a power factor 1.0 represents most efficient loading of suply and a 
load with power factor 0.5 represents poor supply or much higher losses in the supply system.

or

Power Factor is the ratio between KW (Kilo-Watt) and the KVA (Kilo-volt-amp).  where KW is the actual load power and
KVA is the apparent load power.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KW AND KVA

Power Factor is the only difference between KW and KVA.

Power Factor is generally is an approximation. Unless it is

represented by the manufacturer.  The value of KVA
is generally larger than the KW.

ex:  consider power factor  is 0.95  

KW(kilo Watt) = Power Factor * KVA

                      = 0.95 * KVA 

or 

KVA( Kilo Volt Amp) = KW (Kilo Watt) / Power Factor

                               =  KW (Kilo Watt) / 0.95

USE OF ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Though, In general Active voice is preferred, most
grammarians agree that the passive voice should be used when the receiver of the action is more important that the doer.

Eg: "The city was devastated by a tsunami"
                   (passive voice)
this sentence is better rather than

"A tsunami devastated the city"  (active voice)

so in this case passive voice is preferred to active voice.
 

TRANSCONDUCTANCE

The ratio of small change in plate current to the small change in grid voltage at constant plate voltage is known as transconductance or mutual conductance.

Transconductance or mutual conductance indicates the effectiveness of grid potential in changing the plate current.

AMPLIFICATION FACTOR OF VACUUM TUBE

The ratio of small change in plate voltage to a small change in grid voltage of a triode at constant plate current is known as amplification factor.

The amplification factor of a tube is a measure of its effectiveness of grid voltage relative to the plate voltage  in controlling the plate current.

VACUUM TUBE

An electronic device  in which the flow of electrons is through a vacuum is known as vacuum tube.

A vacuum tube usually contains a cathode which is the electron emitter, an anode (plate) which is the electron collector and one or more electrodes (grids) for controlling the flow of electrons between cathode and anode.  These electrodes are housed in a highly evacuated glass envelope. The ability of vacuum tubes to conduct current in vaccum enables them to perform different functions.

SECONDARY EMISSION

Electron emission from a metallic surface by the bombardment of high speed electrons or other particles is known as secondary emission.

In this method, a high velocity beam of electrons strikes the metal surface and causes the free electrons of the metal to be knocked out from the surface.

FIELD EMISSION

The process of electron emission by the application of strong electric field at the surface of a metal is known as field emission

In this method, a strong electric field is applied at the metal surface which pulls the free electrons out of metal because of attraction of positive field.  The stronger the electric field, the greater is the electron emission.

PHOTO ELECTRIC EMISSION

Electron emission from a metallic surface by the application of light is known as photo electric emission

In this method, the energy of light falling upon the metal surface is transferred to the free electrons within the metal to enable them to leave the surface.  The greater the intensity of light beam falling on the metal surface, the greater is the photo electric emission.

THERMIONIC EMISSION

The process of electron emission from a metal surface by supplying thermal energy to it is known as thermionic emission.

In this method, the metal is heated to sufficient temperature (about 2500 deg c) to enable the free electrons to leave the metal surface.  The number of electrons emitted depends upon the temperature.  The higher the temperature, the greater is the emission of electrons. this type of emission is employed in vacuum tubes.

TYPES OF ELECTRON EMISSION

The electron emission from the surface of a metal is possible only if sufficient additional energy is supplied from some external source. This external energy may come from a variety of sources such as heat energy, energy stored in electric field, light energy etc.,

there are four principal methods of obtaining electron emission from the surface of a metal

1) Thermionic emission: 
In this method the metal is heated to sufficient temperature (about 2500 deg C) to enable the free electrons to the leave the metal surface.  The number of electrons emitted depends upon the temperature.  The higher the temperature, the greater is the emission of electrons.  This type of emission is employed in vacuum tubes.

2)Field emission:
In this method, a strong electric field (high positive voltage) is applied at the metal surface which pulls the free electrons out of metal because of the attraction of positive field.  The stronger the electric field, the greater is the electron emission.

3)Photo-electric emission:
In this method, the energy of light falling upon the metal surface is transferred to the free electrons within the metal to enable them to leave the surface.
The greater the intensity of light beam falling on the metal surface, the greater is the photo electric emission.

4)Secondary emission:
In this method, a high velocity beam of electrons strikes the metal surface and causes the free electrons of the metal to be knocked out from the surface.

WORK FUNCTION OF A METAL

The amount of additional energy required to emit an electron from a metallic surface is known as Work function of that metal

ELECTRON EMISSION

The liberation of electrons from the surface of a substance is known as electron emission.

NORTON'S THEOREM

Any network having two terminals A and B can be replaced by a current source of output Ia in parallel with a resistance Ra.

i) The output Ia of the current source is equal to the current that would flow through AB when A and B are short circuited.

ii) The resistance Ra is the resistance of the network measured between terminals A and B with load (Rc) removed and sources of e.m.f replaced by their internal resistances, if any

Norton's theorem is converse of thevenin's theorem.

SEMI CONDUCTOR

A Semi Conductor is a substance which has very few free electrons at room temperature. under the influence of potential difference, a semi conductor practically conducts no current.

INSULATOR

An insulator is a substance which has practically no free electrons at ordinary temperature.  Therefore, an insulator does not conduct current under the influence of potential difference.

CONDUCTOR

Conductor is a substance which has a large number of free electrons.  When the potential difference is applied across a conductor, the free electrons move towards the positive terminal of supply, constituting electric current.

ELECTRON

An electron is a negatively charged particle having negligible mass. mass of an electron is very small as compared to its charge. it is very mobile and is greatly influenced by electric or magnetic fields.

ATOMIC WEIGHT

The sum of protons and neutrons constitutes the entire weight of an atom and is called atomic weight

NUCLEUS

It is the central part of an atom and contains protons and neutrons.  A proton is a positively charged particle, while the neutron has the same mass as the proton, but has no charge.  Therefore, the nucleus of an atom is positively charged.

AMPLIFICATION

The process of raising the strength of a weak signal is known as amplification. Electronic devices that can accomplish the job of amplification are known as amplifiers.

RECTIFICATION

The conversion of a.c (alternating current) into d.c (direct current) is known as rectification.  Electronic devices can convert a.c power into d.c power with very high frequency.  This d.c supply can be used for charging batteries,electro plating and various other applications.

POWER DISSIPATION CAPABILITY

The ability of a power transistor to dissipate heat is known as Power dissipation capability

TRANSISTOR AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER

A Transistor amplifier which raises the power level of the signals that have audio frequency range is known as transistor audio power amplifier

DISTORTION

The change of output wave shape from the input wave shape of an amplifier is known as Distortion

COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY

The ratio of a.c output power to the zero signal power (d.c. power) supplied by the battery of a power amplifier is known as collector efficiency

THERMAL RUNAWAY

The unstable condition where, owing to rise in temperature, the collector current rises and continues to increase is known as thermal runaway

HEAT SINK

The metal sheet that serves to dissipate the additional heat from the power transistor is known as heat sink

TRANSISTOR BIASING

The Basic function of transistor is to do amplification.
The weak signal is given to the base of the transistor and amplified signal is obtained at the collector.  One important requirement during amplification is that there should be no change in the shape of signal.

This increase in magnitude of signal without change in the shape of signal is known as faithful amplification.
In order to achieve this, base-emitter junction of the transistor remains forward biased and collector-base junction remains reversed biased during all parts of the signal. This is known as transistor biasing.

"Proper flow of zero signal collector current and the maintenance of proper collector-emitter voltage during the passage of signal is known as transistor biasing"

A transistor amplifier must satisfy three basic conditions.

1) proper zero signal collector current
2) proper base emitter voltage at any instant
3) proper collector-emitter voltage at any instant.