FREEZING OF LAYERS IN AUTOCAD

Freezing of a layer means it freezes the selected layer in all viewports, including the Model Tab.  You can freeze layer to speed up zoom, Pan and many other operations and to improve object selection performance, reduce regeneration time for complex drawings. 

Use Freeze option, if you want a layer to be invisible for long periods.  If you plan to switch visibility settings frequently, use the on/off setting to avoid regenerating the drawing. 

CUP AND CONE FRACTURE

Mild Steel specimen features with cup and cone fracture.  Cup and Cone fracture is the characteristic property of mild steel.

BENDING STRESS

Bending stresses are produced in beams due to bending moment.  The bending moment is also called as flexural stress or skin stress.  it is denoted by the letter "f".

                  M
         f  =  ____

                  Z

where  M= Bending moment
           Z=  Section Modulus ( I/Y)

SHEAR STRESS OR TANGENTIAL STRESS

when the Force acts tangential to the area of cross section it is called shear stress or tangential stress.  The stress produce by shear force is called shear stress or tangential stress.  shear stress is the ratio of shear force to shear area.